Solid Electrolytic Capacitor and Method of Manufacturing a Solid Electrolytic Capacitor

ABSTRACT

Provided is a method for forming a capacitor. The method includes:
     providing an anode with a dielectric thereon and a conductive node in electrical contact with the anode;   applying a conductive seed layer on the dielectric;   forming a conductive bridge between the conductive seed layer and the conductive node;   applying voltage to the anode;   electrochemically polymerizing a monomer thereby forming an electrically conducting polymer of monomer on the conductive seed layer; and   disrupting the conductive bridge between the conductive seed layer and the conductive node.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/384,785 filed Sep. 21, 2010 which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present invention is related to a solid electrolytic capacitor and a method of manufacturing a solid electrolytic capacitor. More specifically, the present invention is related to a method of forming a conductive bridge for improved formation of a cathode comprising an electrochemically polymerized intrinsically conducting polymer.

Solid electrolytic capacitors are well known in the art. Solid electrolytic capacitors comprising an intrinsically conductive polymeric cathode are also well known. A particular problem with solid electrolytic capacitors comprising an intrinsically conducting polymeric cathode is the cost of manufacturing, variation in polymer coverage and the buildup, or thickness, within each part and from part to part. Manufacturing cost is associated with two things. One is the repetitive number of dip/dry cycles required for chemical in-situ polymerization which is required to achieve sufficient coverage. The other is the cost and complexity of the equipment with the current methods of electrochemical polymerization.

Due to the highly resistive nature of the dielectric it is difficult to form the polymeric coating by passing current through the dielectric from the anode. To avoid this problem a conductive seed layer is typically formed on the dielectric then an external electrical contact is placed in contact with the conductive seed layer. This arrangement typically requires complex hardware or limits product design to those that allow for the external connection. The traditional external connection methods have a high potential for damage to the active surface of the element. This damage occurs in current manufacturing methods which require a direct physical contact between the external hardware and the conductive seed layer. The external hardware is incompatible with the dielectric and physical damage to the dielectric and/or polymeric cathode layer is common. Damage to the polymeric cathode layer may result in insufficient polymer coverage of the dielectric, that could lead to subsequent cathode layers damaging the dielectric properties, or subsequent processing damage of the exposed dielectric.

The present invention provides a very efficient method of forming a conductive polymeric coating whereby the external electrical contact is improved by the process of electrically separating the external electrical contact from the active cathode region of the element. This is accomplished without detrimental impact on the polymer quality, either physically or electrically, or the underlying dielectric and anode layers.

SUMMARY

It is an object of the invention to provide an improved solid electrolytic capacitor.

It is another object of the invention to provide a method of forming a solid electrolytic capacitor which is more efficient and which mitigates the problems of capacitor formation commonly realized in the art.

These and other advantages, as will be realized, are provided in a method for forming a capacitor. The method includes:

-   providing an anode with a dielectric thereon and a conductive node     in electrical contact with the anode; -   applying a conductive seed layer on the dielectric; -   forming a conductive bridge between the conductive seed layer and     the conductive node; -   applying voltage to the anode; -   electrochemically polymerizing a monomer thereby forming an     electrically conducting polymer of monomer on the conductive seed     layer; and -   disrupting the conductive bridge between the conductive seed layer     and the conductive node.

Another embodiment is provided in a method for forming a capacitor including:

-   providing an anode with a dielectric thereon and a conductive node     in electrical contact with the anode; -   forming an insulator on the dielectric; -   applying a conductive seed layer on the dielectric; -   forming a conductive bridge between the conductive seed layer and     the conductive node; applying voltage to the anode; -   electrochemically polymerizing a monomer thereby forming an     electrically conducting polymer of monomer on the conductive seed     layer; and -   disrupting the electrical conductivity between the conductive seed     layer and conductive node.

Yet another embodiment is provided in a method for forming a capacitor comprising:

-   providing a process carrier; -   providing an anode attached to the process carrier wherein the anode     comprises a dielectric thereon; -   applying a conductive seed layer on the dielectric; -   forming a conductive bridge between the conductive seed layer and     the process carrier; -   applying voltage to the process carrier; -   electrochemically polymerizing a monomer thereby forming an     electrically conducting polymer of the monomer on the conductive     seed layer ; and -   disrupting the conductive bridge between the conductive seed layer     and the process carrier.

Yet another advantage, as will be realized, is provided in a method for forming a capacitor. The method includes:

-   providing an anode comprising a dielectric thereon; -   applying a conductive seed layer on the dielectric; -   forming a conductive bridge between the conductive seed layer and an     external electrical contact; -   applying voltage to the external electrical contact; -   electrochemically polymerizing a monomer thereby forming an     electrically conducting polymer of monomer on the conductive seed     layer; and -   disrupting the connection of the conductive bridge between the     conductive seed layer and the external electrical contact.

Yet another embodiment is provided in a method for forming a capacitor. The method includes:

-   providing an anode with a dielectric on the anode and a conductive     node in electrical contact with the anode; -   forming a conductive path between the conductive node and an active     cathode region wherein the active cathode region is on the     dielectric; -   applying voltage to the anode; -   electrochemically polymerizing a monomer thereby forming an     electrically conducting polymer of the monomer in the active cathode     region; and -   disrupting the conductive path between the conductive node and the     active cathode region.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a top schematic view of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION

The present invention is related to an improved solid electrolytic capacitor and a method of manufacturing a solid electrolytic capacitor. More specifically, the present invention is related to a capacitor with an improved conductive polymeric cathode and an improved method of forming the conductive polymeric cathode.

The invention will be described with reference to the figures which form an integral, non-limiting, component of the disclosure. Throughout the various figures similar elements will be numbered accordingly.

An embodiment of the invention will be described with reference to FIG. 1 which is a schematic top view of a film, 10, with an anode and a dielectric thereon. At least one conductive node, 12, and preferably a plurality of conductive nodes, is in electrical contact with the anode and in one embodiment the conductive nodes extend outward through the dielectric from the anode. An insulator, 14, is illustrated the purpose of which will be further described herein.

An embodiment of the invention is illustrated in cross-sectional schematic view in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, a film comprising an anode, 16, with a dielectric, 18, thereon is represented collectively at 10. The conductive node, 12, is in electrical contact with the anode, 16. A conductive seed layer, 20, forms a conductive film preferably over the entire dielectric and insulator, 14, and the conductive seed layer is in direct electrical contact with the conductive node. As would be realized, voltage applied to the anode passes through the anode, the conductive node and throughout the conductive seed layer thereby providing a charge over the surface of the dielectric. Current does not pass directly through the dielectric since the dielectric has higher resistance than the conductive node. The conductive polymer, 22, is formed by in-situ electrochemical polymerization of a monomer onto the surface of the conductive seed layer. The conductive polymer, 22, is formed in at least the active cathode region, 21. After the conductive polymer is formed the conductivity between the anode and the conductive polymer is disrupted within the boundaries of the insulator, 14, such as along dotted line 24, resulting in two conductive layers separated by a dielectric thereby forming a capacitor. For the purposes of discussion the anode is designated as 16 throughout the specification with the cathode opposite the dielectric from the anode. One of skill in the art would realize that this is for convenience and the anode and cathode could be exchanged either physically or by reverse mounting the capacitor, if valve metals are not used, thereby changing the terminology, with regards to convention, without departing from the scope of the invention. In this embodiment the conductive seed layer is acting as both the conductive seed layer and a conductive bridge. The embodiment of FIG. 2 after disruption, such as by laser ablation, is illustrated in cross-sectional schematic view in FIG. 3.

An embodiment of the invention is illustrated in cross-sectional schematic view in FIG. 4. In FIG. 4, the anode, 16, with a dielectric, 18, thereon are taken together at 10. The conductive node, 12, is in electrical contact with the anode, 16. A conductive seed layer, 20, forms a conductive film preferably over the entire dielectric and at least to the insulator, 14. The insulator may function as a dam with the conductive seed layer terminating at the insulator or, alternatively, the conductive seed layer may extend to, and even past, the conductive node, 12, thereby covering the conductive node. A conductive bridge, 26, which is a coating, extends from and forms an electrical contact between the conductive seed layer, 20, and the conductive node thereby forming a conductive path from the anode, through the conductive node and bridge to the conductive seed layer. The conductive path through the conductive node and conductive bridge has lower resistance than the conductive path through the dielectric. Voltage is applied thereby forming a conductive polymer, 22, in at least the active cathode region, 21. After formation of the conductive polymer the conductivity of the bridge is disrupted within the bounds of the insulator, such as at 28, thereby electrically separating the anode from the conductive polymer as illustrated in FIG. 5.

An embodiment of the invention is illustrated in cross-sectional schematic view in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6 the anode, 16, with a dielectric, 18, thereon are taken together as 10. An insulator, 14, prohibits the conductive seed layer, 20, from migrating up the dielectric thereby terminating the conductive seed layer at the insulator. A conductive node, 12, forms an electrical contact between the anode and the conductive seed layer, 20, thereby establishing a favorable path of electrical conduction since the path through the dielectric has higher resistance. After formation of the conductive polymer layer, 22, in at least the active cathode region, 21, the electrical conductivity between the anode and the conductive polymer is disrupted, such as at line 30, thereby forming a capacitor with electrically isolated conductive layers with a dielectric there between as illustrated in FIG. 7.

An embodiment of the invention is illustrated in cross-sectional schematic view in FIG. 8. In FIG. 8, the anode, 16, with a dielectric, 18, thereon. A conductive seed layer, 20, is formed on the dielectric preferably terminating at an insulator, 14. A conductive bridge, 26, provides an electrical connection between the conductive seed layer, 20, and at least one of a process carrier, 50, or an external electrical connection, 52. Voltage is applied to either the process carrier or the external electrical connection and a conductive polymer layer, 22, is formed by in-situ electrochemical polymerization of a monomer, in at least the active cathode region, 21. After the conductive polymer layer is complete the conductivity of the conductive bridge is disrupted, preferably at 54, thereby forming an electrolytic capacitor.

The electrical conductivity can be disrupted by any method suitable for disrupting current flow through a conducting layer or element. The disruption can be done by, but not limited to, removal, destruction, oxidation, vaporization, abrasion, ablation, chemical treatment, thermal treatment, etc. A particularly preferred method for disrupting the current flow is laser ablation wherein conductive material is treated with a laser thereby removing, by ablation or vaporization, material treated thereby. Furthermore, the heat of ablation may locally oxidize the conductive polymer, or the equivalent thereof, thereby rendering that portion of the polymer which is oxidized non-conductive.

The conductive bridge is a coated material which forms a path of electrical conductivity with a resistance which is lower than the resistance of the dielectric, and preferably with a resistance of no more than 10⁴Ω, with the path of electrical conductivity, typically but not limited to, spanning between the conductive node and the conductive seed layer. The conductive seed layer promotes electrochemical polymerization on the dielectric, over the conductive seed layer, without adverse reaction with the dielectric. The conductive bridge is composed of a material with properties common to existing cathodic materials, in that, the material is compatible with the dielectric, in terms of low leakage current properties and protective aspects, and exhibits those same properties even while remaining in contact with the dielectric during product operation. Particularly preferred materials for use in the conductive bridge are manganese dioxide and conducting polymer. While not limited thereto, a conductive polymer which is the same as the conductive polymer being formed over the conductive seed layer is preferred due to manufacturing simplicity and certainty of compatibility. The conductive polymer bridge can be formed by in-situ polymerization or by application of a polymer slurry followed by drying.

The conductive node is a region that forms a path with an electrical resistance which is lower than the electrical resistance through the dielectric. The conductive node can be a current path through the dielectric, a semi-conductor, or a conductor and most preferably the conductive node is conductive. The resistivity of the conductive node is preferably no more than 10⁴Ω and even more preferably no more than 10²Ω. It is preferable that the conductive node comprises a material, or is coated with a material, which prevents the formation of oxides in the presence of moisture during current flowing through the conductive node. Noble metals, stainless steel and carbon are mentioned as particularly suitable for demonstration of the invention.

The insulator material is preferably a polymer selected from an epoxy, a polyimide, a polyamide, a siloxane, and a silicone. The insulator provides two functions. One function of the insulator is to act as a dam whereby wicking of monomer, or any solution, is prohibited beyond the insulator. Another function is to provide a buffer between the disruption of electrical conductivity and the dielectric. For example, when the electrical disruption occurs over the insulator a portion of the insulator can remain without detriment thereby mitigating any potential detrimental effects of laser impingement on the dielectric.

For the purposes of the present invention a direct electrical contact is defined as an electrical contact between two components in physical contact. An indirect electrical contact is defined as an electrical contact between two components with a conductor, such as conductive adhesive, there between.

The conductive seed layer is preferably a thin layer of a conductive material such as manganese dioxide or a conductive polymer. The conductive seed layer may be a seed layer which spreads the charge over a portion of the dielectric thereby improving the formation of in-situ electrochemically formed conductive polymer. Manganese dioxide can be used in the form of islands wherein the islands are electrically connected by conductive polymer as the conductive polymer grows. Alternatively, the manganese dioxide can cover the entire underlying surface. A thin layer of conductive polymer, and most preferably the same conductive polymer as that being formed on the conductive seed layer, can be used. The thin layer of conductive polymer for the conductive seed layer can be formed by dip coating with polymer slurry or by in-situ polymerization.

The anode preferably includes a valve metal or a conductive oxide of a valve metal with aluminum, tantalum, niobium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, zinc, tungsten, bismuth, antimony and niobium oxide being mentioned as particularly suitable for demonstration of the instant invention. Niobium, tantalum, aluminum, and NbO are particularly preferred as the anode.

The dielectric is preferably an oxide of the anode without limit thereto. The formation of dielectrics on an anode, and particularly a valve metal anode, is widely documented and well understood in the art and further elaboration herein is not warranted. The active cathode region is the region of the capacitive element that is to be coated by the in-situ electrochemically polymerized polymer. In the included embodiments this is typically covered by the conductive seed layer to promote even growth of the in-situ electrochemically polymerized polymer, though is not defined by the conductive seed layer, as the conductive seed layer may extend beyond, or have less coverage, than that of the active cathode region. The active cathode region is also preferred to be in contact with the surface of the anode dielectric.

The cathode layer is a conductive layer preferably comprising conductive polymer, such as polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole or their derivatives, manganese dioxide, lead oxide or combinations thereof. An intrinsically conducting polymer is most preferred.

A particularly preferred conducting polymer is illustrated in Formula I:

R¹ and R² of Formula 1 are chosen to prohibit polymerization at the β-site of the ring. It is most preferred that only α-site polymerization be allowed to proceed. Therefore, it is preferred that R¹ and R² are not hydrogen. More preferably, R¹ and R² are α-directors. Therefore, ether linkages are preferable over alkyl linkages. It is most preferred that the groups are small to avoid steric interferences. For these reasons R¹ and R² taken together as —O—(CH₂)₂—O— is most preferred. In Formula 1, X is S or N and most preferable X is S.

R¹ and R² independently represent linear or branched C₁-C₁₆ alkyl or C₂-C₁₈ alkoxyalkyl; or are C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, phenyl or benzyl which are unsubstituted or substituted by C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, halogen or OR³; or R¹ and R², taken together, are linear C₁-C₆ alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, halogen, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxyphenyl, halophenyl, C₁-C₄alkylbenzyl, C₁-C₄alkoxybenzyl or halobenzyl, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocyclic structure containing two oxygen elements. R³ preferably represents hydrogen, linear or branched C₁-C₁₆ alkyl or C₂-C₁₈ alkoxyalkyl; or are C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, phenyl or benzyl which are unsubstituted or substituted by C₁-C₆ alkyl.

The conducting polymer is preferably chosen from polypyrroles, polyanilines, polythiophenes and polymers comprising repeating units of Formula I, particularly in combination with organic sulfonates: A particularly preferred polymer is 3,4-polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDT).

The manganese dioxide layer is preferably obtained by immersing an anode element in an aqueous manganese nitrate solution. The manganese oxide is then formed by thermally decomposing the nitrate at a temperature of from 200 to 350° C. in a dry or steam atmosphere. The anode may be treated multiple times to insure optimum coverage.

As typically employed in the art, various dopants can be incorporated into the polymer during the polymerization process. Dopants can be derived from various acids or salts, including aromatic sulfonic acids, aromatic polysulfonic acids, organic sulfonic acids with hydroxy group, organic sulfonic acids with carboxylhydroxyl group, alicyclic sulfonic acids and benzoquinone sulfonic acids, benzene disulfonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, sulfoisophthalic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, benzoquinone sulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid. Other suitable dopants include sulfoquinone, anthracenemonosulfonic acid, substituted naphthalenemonosulfonic acid, substituted benzenesulfonic acid or heterocyclic sulfonic acids as exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,121 which is included herein by reference thereto.

Binders and cross-linkers can be also incorporated into the conductive polymer layer if desired. Suitable materials include poly(vinyl acetate), polycarbonate, poly(vinyl butyrate), polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride), polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polyethers, polyesters, silicones, and pyrrole/acrylate, vinylacetate/acrylate and ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers.

It is preferred to include a dopant in the polymer. The dopant can be coated separately or included in the monomer solution. A particularly preferred dopant is the sodium salt of polystyrenesulfonate (PSS).

To enhance subsequent connectivity to external termination, such as a lead frame, adhesion layers may be applied to the conductive polymer layer. The adhesion layers typically include a carbon containing layer and a metal containing layer such as a silver or nickel containing layer. The outermost layer is preferably a layer which is solderable such as a nickel layer or a silver layer deposited such as by vapor deposition.

The present invention has been described with particular reference to stated embodiments without limit thereto. One of skill in the art would realize additional embodiments, alternatives and improvements which are not specifically stated but which are within the metes and bounds of the claims appended hereto. 

1. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing an anode; forming a dielectric on said anode; forming a conductive bridge between an external electrical connection and an active cathode region wherein said active cathode region is on said dielectric; applying voltage to said external electrical connection; electrochemically polymerizing a monomer thereby forming an electrically conducting polymer of said monomer on said active cathode region; and disrupting said conductive bridge between said external electrical connection and said active cathode region.
 2. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 1 wherein said active cathode region is at least partially covered by a conductive seed layer.
 3. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 2 wherein said conductive seed layer comprises a material selected from manganese dioxide and a conductive polymer.
 4. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 1 wherein said conductive bridge comprises a conductive seed layer.
 5. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 1 further comprising: forming an insulator on said dielectric.
 6. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 5 wherein said conductive bridge extends over said insulator.
 7. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 1 wherein said conductive bridge is electrically connected to a process carrier.
 8. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 1 wherein said disrupting said conductive bridge comprises laser ablation.
 9. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 1 wherein said conductive bridge comprises a material selected from manganese dioxide and conductive polymer.
 10. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 1 wherein said disrupting said electrical conductivity comprises disrupting conductivity of said conductive bridge.
 11. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 1 wherein said anode is selected from the group consisting of a valve metal and a conductive oxide of a valve metal.
 12. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 1 wherein said anode is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, tantalum, niobium and NbO. 13-35. (canceled)
 36. A capacitor comprising: an anode; a dielectric on said anode; a disrupted conductive bridge between an external electrical connection and an active cathode region wherein said active cathode region is on said dielectric; and an electrochemical polymer on said active cathode region.
 37. A capacitor of claim 36 wherein said active cathode region comprises a conductive seed layer.
 38. A capacitor of claim 37 wherein said conductive seed layer comprises a material selected from manganese dioxide and a conductive polymer.
 39. A capacitor of claim 36 wherein said conductive bridge comprises said conductive seed layer.
 40. A capacitor of claim 39 wherein said conductive bridge is said conductive seed layer.
 41. A capacitor of claim 36 further comprising: an insulator on said dielectric.
 42. A capacitor of claim 41 wherein said conductive bridge extends over said insulator.
 43. A capacitor of claim 36 wherein said conductive bridge is electrically connected to a process carrier.
 44. A capacitor of claim 36 wherein said disruption of said conductive bridge comprises laser ablation.
 45. A capacitor of claim 36 wherein said conductive bridge comprises a material selected from manganese dioxide and conductive polymer.
 46. A capacitor of claim 36 wherein said disruption of said electrical conductivity comprises disruption of conductivity of said conductive bridge.
 47. A capacitor of claim 36 wherein said anode is selected from the group consisting of a valve metal and a conductive oxide of a valve metal.
 48. A capacitor of claim 47 wherein said anode is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, tantalum, niobium and NbO.
 49. A capacitor comprising: an anode; a dielectric on said anode; a conductive node in electrical contact with said anode; and a disrupted conductive bridge between said conductive node and an active cathode region wherein said active cathode region is on said dielectric and comprises an electrically conducting polymer.
 50. The capacitor of claim 49 wherein said active cathode region further comprises a conductive seed layer.
 51. A capacitor of claim 50 wherein said conductive seed layer comprises a material selected from manganese dioxide and a conductive polymer.
 52. The capacitor of claim 49 wherein said conductive bridge comprises a conductive seed layer.
 53. The capacitor of claim 49 further comprising: an insulator on said dielectric.
 54. The capacitor of claim 53 wherein said conductive bridge is disrupted over said insulator.
 55. A capacitor of claim 49 wherein said conductive bridge comprises a material selected from manganese dioxide and conductive polymer.
 56. A capacitor of claim 49 wherein said anode comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a valve metal and a conductive oxide of a valve metal.
 57. A capacitor of claim 56 wherein said anode is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, tantalum, niobium and NbO.
 58. A capacitor of claim 49 wherein said disrupted conductive bridge is a disrupted electrical path between said anode and said conductive node.
 59. A capacitor of claim 49 wherein said disrupted conductive node comprises a material that is a conductive, non-valve metal.
 60. A capacitor of claim 49 wherein said conductive node comprises a material selected from a noble metal, stainless steel and carbon.
 61. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing an anode with a dielectric thereon and a conductive node in electrical contact with said anode; forming an insulator on said dielectric; applying a conductive seed layer on said dielectric; forming a conductive bridge between said conductive seed layer and said conductive node; applying voltage to said anode; electrochemically polymerizing a monomer thereby forming an electrically conducting polymer of monomer on said conductive seed layer; and disrupting electrical conductivity between said conductive seed layer and said conductive node.
 62. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing a process carrier; attaching an anode to said process carrier wherein said anode comprises a dielectric thereon; applying a conductive layer on said dielectric; forming electrical conductivity between said conductive layer and said process carrier; applying voltage to said process carrier; electrochemically polymerizing a monomer thereby forming an electrically conducting polymer of said monomer on said conductive layer; and disrupting said electrical conductivity between said conductive layer and said process carrier.
 63. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 62 wherein said electrical conductivity is through a conductive bridge.
 64. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing an anode wherein said anode comprises a dielectric thereon; applying a conductive layer on said dielectric; forming a conductive bridge in electrical contact with said conductive layer; forming electrical conductivity between said conductive bridge and an external electrical contact; applying voltage to said external electrical contact; electrochemically polymerizing a monomer thereby forming an electrically conducting polymer of said monomer on said conductive layer; and disrupting electrical conductivity between said conductive layer and said external electrical contact.
 65. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 64 wherein said conductive layer comprises a conductive seed layer.
 66. The method for forming a capacitor of claim 64 wherein said conductive layer comprises a conductive polymer. 